高考英语二轮复习阅读理解专题

彩虹中学2009年英语高考复习阅读理解专题

                辛彦忠

一．研究展示近年试题及其命题规律.

俗话说得好：“得阅读者得天下。”作为英语分数最大的板块（约三分之一的分数），今年的阅读难度又如何？纵观陕西卷2008年的英语阅读试题，从阅读字数来看仍然和06年与07年相当，约2400左右的阅读量。从题型上看，仍然遵循08考纲对阅读部分的要求，共考察了四大题型（如下图所示），而且出题相当传统，难度中等。所以09年陕西英语阅读理解题还会保持稳定。同学们只要按老师上课时所教的方法一一对应，即可得到一个绝对的阅读高分数。

附：08年陕西试卷A篇
    They say there are three ways to experience the Grand Canyon; on foot, on mules(骡子) or by air. We chose the first. Up early; my husband and I and our three children couldn’t wait to get started. We decided to walk along a lovely path named Bright Angel Trail.
As we set out, I was shocked at how narrow the path was. And I couldn’t help noticing that the other tourists weren’t like us. They had heavy backpacks, water bottles, and hats. But as usual we were dressed, As the sun rose higher, Arizona’s famous heat seemed to roast(烘烤)　us. There was no shade and our legs were aching. We decided to go back, with the girl on my back and the boys far behind. By the time we finally got back, our legs were like jelly.
The next day, after we’d had a long rest and a good breakfast, we were ready for another view of the Canyon – by air. After our last walk, this would be the easiest thing in the world.
We called to each other excitedly as the plane took off and circled around the Canyon. But the smiles on our faces disappeared as the pilot tossed(翻转)　the plane around, pretending he was going to hit the ground. I shouted, “STOP, TAKE US BACK!” When we finally arrived back on land, once again our legs were like jelly. We hardly spoke as we drove back.
As I said, there are three ways to view the Grand Canyon. We never tried the mules, but personally I’d suggest a fourth: buy yourself a good magazine like National Geographic. That way, you can see the Canyon, without fear or tiredness.
41. Which of the following is true according to the second paragraph?（C）
A. They made a careful preparation before the trip
B. They children were more joyful than their parents.
C. Bright Angel Trail was not as lovely as they expected.
D. The summer heat prevented them from enjoying the view.
42. The underlined expression “Our legs were like jelly” probably means   (A)         .
A. we were weak    B. we were unhappy    C. we were dissatisfied   D. we were disappointed
43. Which of the following best describes their Canyon trip by air?(A)
A. It proved to be frightening.      B. It was more comfortable
C. It turned out to be exciting       D. It made each of them tired.
44. We can infer from the passage that     (C)     .
A. experiencing the Canyon on mules would be the best way
B. one needs to dress less when visiting the Grand Canyon.
C. the writer was not serious when she made the suggestion.
D. the whole family narrowly escaped from the air accident.

B篇
Photographs are everywhere. They decorate (装饰) the walls of homes and are used in stores for sales of different goods. The news is filled with pictures of fires, floods, and special events. Photos record the beauties of nature. They can also bring things close that are far away. Through photos, people can see wild animals, cities in foreign lands, and even the stars in outer space. Photos also tell stories.
Reporting the news through photos is called photojournalism. At times photojournalists tell their stories through a single picture. At other times, they use a group of pictures to tell a story. Each picture is like a chapter in a book, which can do more than record the facts. It can also be a strong force for social change.
Jacob Riis was among the first photojournalists. He took pictures of parts of New York City where the poor lived. Riis believed that poverty(贫穷)　caused crime, and he used photos to help him prove his point. A few years later, the photos of small children working in factories by Lewis Hine shocked the public. Hine’s pictures helped bring about laws to protect such children.
Hundreds of pictures may have to be taken in order to get one or two really good photos. It takes science to have the photo come out clearly and art to make a photo that has a good design and expresses feeling. Photojournalists make an actual record of what they see. A photo, however, can be both a work of art and an actual record. It can record an important event as a beautiful or exciting picture.
As historical and artistic documents(文献) ,photos can become more important over time. Today photojournalists still have their pictures appear in newspapers and magazines. They also publish(发表) them in books and on the Internet.
45. The underlined word “They” in the first paragraph refers to (B)        .
A. beauties       B. photos      C. goods       D. events
46. The photos of the small children by Hine show us that photos    (D)        .
A. are also works of art         B. are popular ways of reporting news
C. often shock the public        D. can serve as a force for social change
47. What can we learn from the passage?(C)
A. News with pictures is encouraging.       B. Photos help people improve
C. News photos mean history in a sense.     D. People prefer reading news with pictures.
48. The text is mainly about  (A)     .
A. telling the story through picture        B. decorating the walls of homes
C. publishing historical papers           D. expressing feeling through pictures2008年高考陕西英语阅读理解题型分布

题型	A篇	B篇	C篇	D篇	E篇
主旨题		1个		1个	1个
细节题	2个	1个	4个	3个	2个
细节推断题	1个	1个			1个
词汇句义题	1个	1个

　　    从上图我们可一看出来，题型分布仍然以细节题为主，共12道题，占60%，真是“细节决定成败”啊！细节题是很好做的题，该类题型主要考察我们定位，寻读，跳读的能力，我们只需要在题干或选项中寻找关键信息然后回到原文寻找即可。比如我们以A篇的41题为例：题干问which of the following is true according to the second paragraph?,从题干我们可得知该题一定在第二段，属于细节题中的according to题型，那么我们就可以把第二段看一遍，我们可以从shock, roast, ach词可以得知,作者的感受很不好，所以该题应选C：Bright Angel Trail was not as lovely as we expected.  我们再看43题也是个细节题，题干告诉我们定位Canyon trip by air,我们在第三段中可定位到，然后往后看到disappoint, legs like jelly,我们可得知作者感觉很害怕，所以该题选A：it proved to be frightening.

　　    接下来我们分析一下其他题型，主旨题，考了2个，细节推断题考了3个，词汇句义题2个，跟往年一样，没多大变化。我们来具体分析一下，B篇的48题是道主旨题，同学们采取我教你们的主旨题文章结构与选项分析和解答技巧可从文章首段最后一句话photos also tell stories得知应选A:telling a story through pictures。该选项也符合选项设计中我教大家的“同义替换原则是解”的技巧。

　　    最后点评一下词汇句义题，以B篇的45题“they”为例，这道题属于指代题型，同学们看到这种题型就要马上想到“极速解题法则”，八个字——就近原则，往回寻找因为指代题一定指代前面出现过的，当我们往回寻找时可发现they就是前一句的主语“photo”,于是很轻松的得出解来。

                            

 

二.提升阅读理解题的答题技巧     

阅读理解能力测试的主要要求是：

1．读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节。

2．既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象的概念。

3．既理解字面的意思，也理解深层的含义，包括作者的态度，意图等。

4．既理解某句，某段的含义，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断。

5．既能根据所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。根据这五项要求，我们可将阅读理解多项选择题归纳为以下几种题型：细节理解题，词句理解题，主题、主旨题，猜测词义题，推理判断题。下面作者结合平时教学中的经验体会，谈一谈做英语阅读理解题的技巧与策略。

一、 先看题干，带着问题读文章。

即先看试题，再读文章。阅读题干，首先要掌握问题的类型，分清是客观信息题还是主观判断题。客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案；而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基调，作者未加陈述的观点以及贯穿全文的中心主旨的理解等，这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层的推理等。其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。

二、 速读全文，了解大意知主题。

阅读的目的是获取信息。一个人的阅读能力的高低决定了他能否快速高效吸收有用信息。阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。阅读速度是阅读最基本的能力。没有一定的阅读速度就不能顺利地输入信息，更谈不上运用英语。近几年的高考阅读速度大约是每分钟40个词左右。考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。

抓主题句这是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主题句一般出现在文章的开头和结尾。用归纳法撰写的文章，都是表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子居后。此时主题句就是文章的最后一句。通常用演绎法撰写的文章，大都遵循从一般到个别的写作程序，即从概述开始，随之辅以细说。这时，主题句就是文章的第一句。当然也有些文章没有主题句，需要读者自己去归纳。主题句往往对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用，主旨大意题，归纳概括题，中心思想题往往直接可从主题句中找到答案。

试试看，你能找出下面一段文章的主题句吗？

The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops.

不难看出，文章的第一句是主题句，后面的句子都围绕这个句子展开。

三、 详读细节，理顺思路与文章脉络。

文章绝不是互不相干的句子杂乱无章的堆砌。作者为文，有脉可循。如记叙文多以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事；论述体则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素，通过解释、举例来阐述观点。你可根据文章的特点，详读细节，以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索，找出关键词语，运用"画图列表法"，勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。

例如：SEFC 3A Feed the World(2)

本文通过四个不同的国家和地区，总结了世界饥荒的主要原因。运用图表，文章的结构和思路就一目了然了。

Reasons for world hunger

In EU: 1) Food is bought from farmers and thrown away.

2) Farmers are paid not to grow crops.

In India: Most land is owned by rich land owners.

In less developed countries: Farmers are forced to plant cash crops.

In western countries: Grain is fed to beef cattle.

四、 逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。

在实际阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓义。这就是通常所说的深层理解。深层理解主要包括归纳概括题（中心思想，加标题等）和推理判断题，是阅读理解中的难点。深层理解是一种创造性的思维活动。它必须忠实于原文；要以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，立足已知推断未知，不能凭空想象，随意揣测；它要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思，推理才有前提和基础。推理题在提问中常用的词有：

infer, imply, suggest, indicate等。

五、 猜词悟义，扫除阅读拦路虎。

猜词是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。

 

三.实战演练课

 

阅读专项训练——词义猜测

 

(一)

（2005广东）Being considered a leader in our society is indeed of high praise. Leadership means power, commands , respect and most important , encourages achievement . Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can’t be easily swallowed down . They must be carefully cultivated.

Different from popular belief , most good leaders are made, not born . They learn their skills in their everyday life . But which do they develop ? How do they (and how can you) get others to follow?

The underlined word “cultivated”(paragraph 1) roughly means _____.

A. encouraged B. compared        C. examined        D. developed

答案：D

技巧点拨：根据上下文语境进行猜测

上文的语境：领导艺术不像吞一维生素C那样简单。

下文的语境：大部分的优秀的领导者都不是天生的，而是培养出来的，他们的领导艺术是在日常生活中学到的。

（二）

（2004湖北）Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs? The answer is “yes”, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers . After a study of 800 persons with high blood pressure , they found that after 6 months ,those devoted to weight loss ---exercise and eating a low-fat food ---lost about 13 pounds and became fitter. Plus , 35% of them dropped into the “normal” category(范畴).This week , Dr. Alan Duckworth will tell you how these people reduce their blood pressure to a level similar to what’s achieved with Hypertension drugs .

In Science / Health , “Johns Hopkins” is ______.

A.      a famous university B. a medical center C. a well-known doctor D. a drug company 

答案：B

（三）

（2005全国）The President has started using look-alikes during some public appearances . Dave is offered a chance to “ serve his country” by becoming one.

The underlined word “one” in the third paragraph refers to_______.

A. the President   B. the director     C. an actor    D. a look-alike

答案：D

技巧点拨：根据指代关系进行猜测。

英语中代词one , it , that , he , him , 或them 等可以指上文提到的人或物。根据前文总统开始在公共场合使用替身（look-alikes）后来Dave有机会成为了其中的一员。

(四)

（2004广东）As a woman , I feel unsafe here . I spend a bomb on taxis because I will not take public transport after 10 p.m. I used to use it , but now I’m afraid .

The underlined part “ it ” (in Para. 4) refers to _____.

A. a taxi      B. the money  C. a bomb D. public transport 答案：D

(五)

（2004上海）Without examination , employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them ____a form of favouritism will replace equality.

The word “favouritism” is used to describe the phenomenon that _______.

A. bright children also need certificates to get satisfying jobs

B. children from well-respected schools tend to have good job

C. poor children with certificates are favoured in job markets

D. children attending ordinary schools achieve great success 答案：B

 

技巧点拨：根据同位关系进行猜测

破折号后的句子是对前面进行解释说明的，二者是同位关系，因此，要猜测favouritism的意思，可从前面句子的意思入手。

 

(六)

（2003北京）Many are turning to other ways of living and downshifting is one of them.

Six percent of workers in Britain took the decision to downshift last year . One couple who downshifted is Daniel and Liz. They used to work in central London . He was a newspaper reporter and she used to work for an international bank . They would go to work by train every day from their large house in the suburbs (郊区), leaving their two children with a nanny(保姆). Most evening Daniel wouldn’t get home until eight or nine o’clock, and nearly twice a month he would have to fly to New York for meetings .They both earned a large amount of money but began to feel that life was passing them by .

The underlined word “downshifting”in the second paragraph means______.

A. repairing your car by yourself

B. spending money carefully

C. moving out to the countryside to live a simpler and better life

D. living in a big house in the suburbs and dining out once a week

答案：C

技巧点拨：根据列举的事例进行猜测

根据短文所列举的Dneiel 和Liz 的事例可判断出downshifting的意思是“把家搬到农村去，过一种简单而更好的生活”。

(七)

（全国）A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle ; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerrio, an Evaston mother of two , ages 4 and 18 months.

What does the underlined word “hassle” probably mean?

A. a party designed by specialists          B. a plan requiring careful thought

C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble    D. a demand made by guests

 

答案：C

技巧点拨：根据转折或对比关系进行猜测。

根据上下句的连接词，如but , however , otherwise 等就可以看到前后句的意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。hassle 和a basket of fun 是近乎相反的意义。

(八)

（05广东）Scientists are working to use that energy to make electricity . Most waves are created when winds blow across the ocean .“The wind starts out by making little ripples (涟漪), but if they keep on blowing , those ripples get bigger and bigger and turn into waves .” Taylor said. “ Waves are one of nature’s ways of picking up energy and then sending it off on a journey.”

The underlined phrase “picking up”(paragraph2) is closest in meaning to _____.

A. starting again B. speeding to      C. gathering   D. improving

答案：C

技巧点拨：根据构词法进行猜测。

(九)

（北京）The manager and everyone else who were a step above the box boys often shouted orders .One of these was: you couldn’t accept tips(小费). Okay , I’m outside and I put the bags in the car . For a lot of people , the natural reaction(反应)is to take a quarter and give it to me . I’d say , “I’m sorry , I can’t .”They’d get angry . When you give someone a tip , you’re sort of being polite. You take a quarter and you put it in their hand you expect them to say , “Oh, thanks a lot .” When you say ,”I’m sorry, I can’t .”They feel a little put down.

The underlined phrase “put down” in the third paragraph probably means _____.

A. misunderstood B. defeated C. hateful D. hurt

答案：D

技巧点拨：根据常理或习俗进行猜测。

在一些西方国家里，顾客买东西或接受完服务后，一般要付小费，这已经成为了惯例，所以当作者拒收小费时，对方认为作者看不起他们，因而受到了伤害。

 

 

 

四.能力提升综合练习

 

Try to guess the meaning of the underlined words:

?         1.The female mosquito is a vampire and lives on blood.

?         2.The old man put on his spectacles and began to read.

?         3.The old woman has a strange habit to keep over 100 cats in her house.Her neighbors all called her an eccentric lady.

?         4. Mother was tall, fat and middle-aged. The principal of the school was an older woman, almost as plump as mother, and much shorter.

?         5.Though Tom's face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby.

?         6.Be punctual when you are going to a party. Never be late.

?         7.John usually wastes a lot of money on such useless things；his wife, however, is very thrifty.

?         8. In the past the world seemed to run in an orderly way.Now ,however， everything seems to be in a state of turmoil。

?         9.The advance of science is unstoppable.

?         10.He had been overworking and fell ill at last.

?         11.You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in Schools, or English Learning.

?         12.Tom is often voracious. One day he ate as much as two pounds of meat.

?         13. Today young couples who are just starting their households often spend lots of their money on appliances for instance, washing machines, refrigerators and color televisions.

?         14.Jack is now a florist who keeps a shop for selling flowers in our district.
“florist”的意思是其定语从句“who keeps a shop for selling flowers”所描述的“花店主”。

?         15.In slang the term "jam" constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.

?         同样，从上下文的定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是“困境”。

?         16.The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel.

?         　　“门很矮”，头肯定是撞到门的“横梁”上。

?         17.When a doctor performs an operation on a patient, he usually gives an anaesthetic to make him unconscious, because he does not want his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him.

?         "麻醉剂"

?         18.If you are capable of working twelve hours a day without a rest, and if you can engage in physical exercise for hours without seeming to get tired, then you are indefatigable.

?          根据上下文分析,如果一个人能连续工作12个小时,能进行体育锻炼数小时而不知疲倦,那么,我们就可以作出符合逻辑的推断,这个人一定是一个"不知疲倦的"人.将这个词义代入原句中,很合乎逻辑,那么这种推理很可能是正确的

 

基本训练

 　猜测各句中黑体显示的生词词义

　　1． Archaeology is the study of the buried remains of ancient times, such as houses, pots, tools and weapons. 

A. 地理学　　　  B. 生态学　　　    C. 心理学　　　    D. 考古学

　　2． This strict officer is a martinet, a person who demands total obedience（服从）to rules, discipline and orders.

        A. 专制的人　       B. 软弱的人         C. 强硬的人　       D. 要求严格服从纪律和命令的人

　　3． Though Mr. Smith has been general manager for just 3 months, he has already made much    greater achievements than his predecessors.

　　　　 A. 上级　　　　　 B. 前任　　　　　 C. 同事　　　　　 D. 下级

　　4．The football game was getting more and more exciting, however, the old lady was still as dozy as she usually was.

　　　 A. 昏昏欲睡的　　　 B. 亢奋的　　　　  C. 欣喜若狂的　　　D. 麻木的

　　5． All his attempts to unlock the door was futile, because he was using the wrong key.

　　　 A. 成功的　　　     B. 徒劳的　　　 C. 有效的　　　　　D. 匆促的

　　6． She did not hear what you said because she was completely engrossed in her reading.

　　　 A. 心不在焉的　　   B. 紧张的　　　　  C. 全神贯注的　　　D. 睡意浓的

　　7． One of symptoms caused by the peculiar illness is a high fever.

　　　 A. 症状　　　　　 B. 疾病　　　　　   C. 恐惧　　　　　 D. 威胁

　　8． In the strong wind, the beggar shivered with the terrible cold.

　　　 A. 流泪　　　　　 B. 乞讨　　　　　 C. 呻吟　　　　　 D. 颤抖

　　9． The hot tropical weather created a feeling of lassitude and encouraged laziness.

　　　 A. 兴奋　　　　　 B. 厌恶　　　　　 C. 清醒　　　　　 D. 疲倦

　　10．To quite a great many people, money is an irresistible temptation（诱惑）.

　　　 A. 不可抗拒的　　  B. 可抗拒的　　    C. 接受的　　 D. 不可接受的

 

答案:DDBAB，CADDA