句子成分
(一)句子成分的定义: 句子是用一个或者多个单词组成的基本表意单位。构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
(二)主语:句子说明的主体和对象,一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:
During the 1990s, Americancountry musichas become more and more popular.(名词)
Weoften speak English in class.(代词)
One-thirdof the students in this class are girls.(数词)
To swimin the river is a great pleasure.(不定式)
Smokingdoes harm to the health.(动名词)
The richshould help the poor.(名词化的形容词)
When we are going to have an English testhas not been decided.(主语从句)
Itis necessaryto master a foreign language.(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)
(三)谓语:用于说明主语的动作,状态,身份,特征等内容,一般紧跟主语后面。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:
1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:Hepracticesrunning every morning.
2、复合谓语:(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:Youmay keepthe book for two weeks. Hehas caughta bad cold.(2)由系动词加表语构成。如:Weare students.
(四)表语:表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如:
Our teacher of English is anAmerican.(名词)
Is ityours?(代词)
The weather has turnedcold.(形容词)
The speech isexciting.(分词)
Three times seven istwenty one?(数词)
His job isto teach English.(不定式)
His hobby(爱好)isplaying football.(动名词)
The machinemust beout of order.(介词短语)
Time isup. The class isover.(副词)
The truth isthat he has never been abroad.(表语从句)
(五)宾语:宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如:
They went to see anexhibition(展览)yesterday.(名词)
The heavy rain preventedmeform. coming to school on time.(代词)
How many dictionaries do you have? I havefive.(数词)
They helpedthe oldwith their housework yesterday.(名词化形容词)
He pretendednot to see me.(不定式短语)
I enjoylistening to popular music.(动名词短语)
I think(that)he is fit for his office.(宾语从句)
宾语种类:(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),例如:Lendme your dictionary, please.(2)复合宾语(宾语+宾补),例如:They electedhim their monitor.
(六)宾语补足语:补充说明宾语的动作,状态,身份,特征等内容,通常位于宾语的后面。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如:
His father named himJack.(名词)
They painted their boatwhite.(形容词)
Let the fresh airin.(副词)
My aunt asked meto call you.(不定式短语)
We saw herentering the room.(现在分词)
We found everything in the labin good order.(介词短语)
We will soon make our citywhat your city is now.(从句)
(七)定语:修饰名词,代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。限定名词的性质,特征,数量,状态,类别等内容.定语有些放在被修饰的名词前,有些放在被修饰名词后,放在前边的叫前置定语,放在后边的叫后置定语.例如:
Two maps. Two large new maps Two large new maps of the world.
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示:
Guilin is abeautifulcity.(形容词)
China is adevelopingcountry; America is adevelopedcountry.(分词)
There are thirtywomenteachers is our school.(名词)
Hisrapid progress in English made us surprised.(代词)
Our monitor is always the firstto enter the classroom.(不定式短语)
Theteachingplan for next term has been worked out.(动名词)
He is reading an articleabout how to learn English.(介词短语)
(八)状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫做状语,它可表示时间,地点,速度,方式,程度,手段等内容。状语可由以下形式表示:
Light travelsmost quickly.(副词及副词性词组)
He has lived in the cityfor ten years.(介词短语)
He is proudto have passed the national college entrance examination.(不定式短语)
He is in the roommaking a model plane.(分词短语)
Waita minute.(名词)
Once you begin, you must continue.(状语从句)
状语种类如下:
How about meeting againat six?(时间状语)
Last night she didn’t go to the dance partybecause of the rain.(原因状语)
I shall go thereif it doesn’t rain.(条件状语)
Mr Smith liveson the third floor.(地点状语)
She put the eggs into the basketwith great care.(方式状语)
She came inwith a dictionary in her hand.(伴随状语)
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.(目的状语)
He was so tiredthat he fell asleep immediately.(结果状语)
She works very hardthough she is old.(让步状语)
I am tallerthan he is.(比较状语)