如果你依靠老师讲解,你永远也学不会（共同进步）

     前言: 句子成分应该在初中过关，但令人遗憾的是，很多同学对句子成分到了高三还是一窍不通, 或者很模糊。为此老师用非常简单地方式介绍句子成分，希望同学们好好补习这一内容， 不要辜负老师的劳动.
            ◆英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解
            一、 主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。
                  ①The sun rises in the east.    （名词做主语）    
            ②He likes dancing.  （代词做主语）
            ③Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词做主语)
            ④Seeing is believing.  （动名词做主语）      
            ⑤To see is to believe. （不定式做主语）
            ⑥What he needs is a book. （主语从句做主语）
            ⑦It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.
            （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）
            二、谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。
                  谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb)
            的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词＋主要动词）构成。
            1．由简单的动词构成。
            (1). What happened? 发生了什么事？
            (2). He worked hard all day today. 他今天苦干了一天。
            (3). The plane took off at ten o’clock. 飞机是十点起飞的。
            2．由动词短语构成的谓语。
            (1). I am reading. 我在看书。
            (2). What’s been keeping you all this time? 这半天你在干什么来着？
            (3). You can do it if you try hard. 你努力就可以做到。
            三、表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。
                   ①He is a teacher.  （名词做表语）
                  ②Seventy-four! You don’t look it.   （代词做表语）
                  ③Five and five is ten. （数词做表语） 
                  ④He is asleep.          （形容词做表语） 
                  ⑤His father is in.（副词做表语）        
            ⑥The picture is on the wall.  (介词短语做表语)
                  ⑦My watch is gone / missing / lost.  （形容词化的分词做表语）
                  ⑧To wear a flower is to say “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring“
            （不定式做表语）
                  ⑨The question is whether they will come.   （表语从句做表语）
            （常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）,
            taste（尝、吃起来）,  remain（保持，仍是）,  feel（感觉） ...
                   ① It sounds a good idea.               ⑤The sound sounds
            strange.
                   ②Her voice sounds sweet.            ⑥Tom looks thin.
                   ③The food smells delicious.           ⑦The food tastes good.
                   ④The door remains open.            ⑧Now I feel tired.
            四、宾语：
            1）动作的承受者-----动宾
                  I like China. （名词作宾语）    
            He hates you. （代词）
                  How many do you need? We need two. （数词）
                  We should help the old and the poor.   (名词化形容词)
            I enjoy working with you.  （动名词）
                  I hope to see you again.  （不定式）  
            Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）
               2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾
                  Are you afraid of the snake?        Under the snow, there are
            many rocks.
               3） 双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）
                  He gave me a book yesterday.       Give the poor man some
            money.
            五、定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。
                  ①Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词作定语） 
            ②He is our friend. （代词作定语）
                  ③We belong to the third world.   （数词作定语） 
            ④He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词作定语）
                  ⑤The man over there is my old friend.(副词作定语) 
            ⑥The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词短语作定语)
                  ⑦The boys playing football are in Class 2.   （现在分词短语作定语）
                  ⑧The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词作定语）  
            
                  ⑨I have an idea to do it well.      （不定式作定语）
                  ⑩You should do everything that I do.    （定语从句作定语）
             六、状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。 表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。  
                  ①I will go there tomorrow. （时间状语）           
            ②The meeting will be held in the meetingroom.（地点状语）
                  ③The meat went bad because of the hot weather.  （原因状语） 
            ④He studies hard to learn English well.（目的状语）
                  ⑤He didn’t study hard so he failed in the exam. （结果状语）
            七、补语
            1）主补：对主语的补充。
                   He was elected monitor.            
            She was found singing in the next room.
                  He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.
            2）宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。
                  We elected him monitor.   （名词作宾补） 
                  We will make them happy. （形容词名词作宾补）
            We found nobody in.  ( 副词名词作宾补)
                  Please make yourself at home. （介词短语）名词作宾补
            Don’t let him do that. （省to不定式名词作宾补）
                  His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson.
            （带to不定式名词作宾补）
                  Don’t keep the lights burning. （现在分词名词作宾补）
            I’ll have my bike repaired. （过去分词名词作宾补）
            八、同位语
            同位语是一种名词修饰语，单词、短语和从句都可用作同位语，最简单而又常见的同位语是位于所修饰的先行词之后，用来说明身份、职务、称号等的名词或名词短语。
            1．名词及其短语（有时有逗号隔开）
            George Bush，the present American president，was the governor of the
            state of Texas．
             2．动名词短语（有逗号隔开）
            He enjoys the exercise，swimming in winter．
            3．不定式短语（有时有逗号隔开）
            A．There is one thing he'll never do—tell lies．
            4．形容词及其短语（有逗号隔开）
            He，short and thin，is unfit for the job．
            All the countries，big or small，are equal．
             5．名词性从句（其前面的先行词一般都带有定冠词the）。这样的先行词有fact，news，truth，knowledge，
            idea，hope，question，problem，assumption等。例如：
            A．You have yet to answer my question whether you can lend me your
            bike．
            B．They had to face the fact that the nearest filling station is
            30kilometers away
            ◆2006-2008各地名词性从句高考题/模考题
            一\主语从句:
            1．_________ should have been done is undone., and you will be
            punished!
            2.__________ we’ll go camping or not depends on the weather.
            3.__________ they are most interested in is that they can produce
            more and better cars.
            4. ____ you have written the letter in English will surprise your
            teacher .
            5.____ I want to know is whether it is worth doing.
            6. ___________is known to us all is that the old scientist still
            works very hard in his eighties.
            7.   __________ will be elected chairman of the club is unknown.
            8. ____ surprised me most is to see some of the village people
            seated on the benches at the end of the room.
            9. After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the earth, ___________our
            astronauts desire to do is walk in space.
            10._________makes this shop different is that it offers more
            personal services.
            11. __________you didn’t know the rules won’t be an excuse for your
            failure to report.
            12. It is required in the regulations __________you should not tell
            other people the password of your e-mail account.
            14.______________we will go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
            15 It is pretty well understood ___________controls the flow of
            carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today.
            16. It worried her a bit _______her hair was turning grey.
            二\宾语从句
            1.The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on
            _______grows best in its climate and soil.
            2. The old man was so angry and spoke so fast that none of his
            children understood _________he said .
            3. He seems not to have grasped ___________I meant.
            4. World AIDS Day reminds us that HIV has not gone away ,and
            ______there are many things still to be done.
            5. By improving reading skills, you can read faster and understand
            more of _________you read.
            6.We cannot figure out ______________quite a number of insects,
            birds, and animals are dying out.
            7.I think Father would like to know ____________I’ve been up to so
            far, so I decided to send him a quick note.
            8. Mary wrote an article on ______________the team had failed to win
            the game.
            9.This decision will have effect on ___________or not he will
            succeed.
            11. A modern sity has been set up in ________was a wasteland ten
            years ago.
            12. It is generally considered unwise to give a child ________he or
            she wants.
            13.These wild flowers are so special that I would do ________i can
            to save them.
            
            三\表语从句
            1.      To his surprise, his umbrella wasn’t __________ he had put.
            2.      What they are most interested in is _______ they can produce
            more and better cars.
            3.      The reason why I am so late is ___________it was raining
            heavily and I had no raincoat.
            4.      What I want to know is ____ it is worth doing.
            5.      When asked the reason for moving to the USA, Beckham said,
            “Soccer is huge all round the world apart from America, so that’s
            ___________I want to make a difference.”
            6.See the flags on top of the building? That was ___________we did
            this morning.
            7. One advantage of playing the guitar is __________it can give you
            a great deal of pleasure.
            
            四\同位语从句;
            1.      There is much chance _______ Bill will recover from his
            injury in time for the race.。
            2.      A warm thought suddenly came to me ________ I might use the
            pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday.
            3. We all know the truth _______ there are air, water and sunlight
            there are living things
            4. So far there is no proof _____________people from other planets
            do exist.
            5. They expressed the hope ____ they would come over to visit China
            again.
            6. Along with the letter was his promise ______________he would
            visit me this coming Christmas.
            7.Danby left word with my secretary ____________he would call again
            in the afternoon.
            8. Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class
            _________he had to meet his uncle in the airport.(你知道为什么这句是同位语从句吗?)
            9. Do you have any idea _________is actually going on in the
            classroom?
            10. There’s a feeling in me __________we’ll never know what a UFO is
            ---not ever.
            12.There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars
            _________road conditions need to be improved.
            13. Some researchers believe that there is no doubt _____________a
            cure for AIDS will be found.
            14. There is a common belief among them ____________rubbish can and
            should be put to good use.